PAIVA, V.L.M.O.Tearing down walls and building up a collaborative learning community . MEXTESOL Journal. V. 29. N. 2, pp. 21-36, 2005. ISSN 1405-3470
Tearing
down walls and building up a collaborative learning community
Vera Lúcia Menezes de Oliveira e Paiva (UFMG/CNPq)
No one educates anyone else,
no one educates themselves, men educate one another, mediated by the world.(Paulo Freire)
Abstract: This
paper presents a reflection upon the learning of EFL in an electronic environment.
The data come from a group of Brazilian students learning English in a
community network, which tears down the walls of the traditional school and
challenges the students to surf the net to acquire communicative competence and
to make connections with people outside the classroom. Freire’s idea
that people, mediated by the world, educate themselves and Vygostsky’s concept
of learning as a social process make up the theoretical framework for that
experience. A discussion list is the meeting point where the students interact,
express opinions, exchange information, collaborate and ask for help. Students
are also supposed to interact with partners outside the virtual classroom using
either email or chat rooms. The teacher is no longer the only source of
knowledge, but the one who provides opportunities for learners to solve
problems and take responsibility for their own learning.
The context and the participants
Since 1997, when a
computer laboratory with Internet access was installed in the
It is a sixty-hour
course, divided into four hours a week, during 15 weeks per semester. The
objective of the course is to offer authentic input and non-artificial
opportunities for students to practice the English language. Our students are
prospective English teachers and it is difficult for them to find opportunities
to use the language outside the classroom, so the Internet has been a useful
tool to bridge that gap.
The university offers
English language courses for future language teachers in the morning and in the
evening. Those attending the evening classes usually come from an impoverished
environment and only a few have opportunities to travel abroad. Besides that,
they usually do not have opportunity to be in contact with their peers in the
morning, as most of them work all day long.
The course was developed
for the undergraduate students, but was part of a major project of our
university which aimed at giving graduate students the opportunity to work as
teaching assistants (TAs) supervised by experienced teachers.
Until the second semester of 1998, the course was
face-to-face, i.e., the teacher, TA and students were all required to be
present in the laboratory for the biweekly meetings representing the four
weekly class-hours which were offered in the morning. As of the first semester
of 1999, the classes have been entirely on-line, allowing for the demolition of
the walls of the traditional day and evening classrooms, creating a learning
community that integrates the day time and evening groups of students, who can
now interact with their peers regardless their different timetables.
As our classroom has
neither walls nor fixed time for meetings, there is a demand from non-enrolled
students to join our group when they get to know about the course. In order to
cope with the needs of our community, the content is open to anyone who wishes
to receive the assignments and messages of the group. Yet, only those students
actually enrolled in the course have permission to interact. This restriction
is necessary to limit the number of messages to an amount the students can deal
with within the time limit they have set aside to participate in the course.
Depending on the size of the enrolled group, people from the community can also
join our classes[1].
Sometimes
the students themselves invite friends, who will be regarded as listeners, into
the virtual community or send friends the information sent through the
discussion list. See an excerpt in which a student tells how his friend would
like to participate in the course.
The exercises of the ninth task were very, very interesting. Maybe they
were the most amazing of all. I use to print the tasks that are suggested and
this one I have not only printed but also recommended to many of my friends
that study English too. One of them even asked me if he could take part on our
Internet classes. But unfortunately, he is not an UFMG student. Anyway, I will
keep on making good suggestions to him.
It is my contention that the students share the tasks
with their friends because the activities involve the real use of the language
in meaningful situations.
The syllabus
To promote on-line interaction among students, our syllabus is designed to integrate technological and communicative functions to the maximum extent possible. Here are some examples of the activities:
1. Write introductions which will also be used when interacting by e-mail with pen pals,
2. Learn how transition between ideas is operated as awareness of this process is very important for both readers and writers,
3. Use search engines to find out interesting information about favorite singer/actor and share the best with the group,
4. Find a pen pal through sites offering “key pal” services,
5. Interact in chat rooms,
6. Visit greeting card sites and send a card to a classmate,
7. Choose a site where people put messages in real or virtual bottles and throw them into the real or virtual sea, and from there send a message to humanity,
8. Learn to make a simple homepage with personal information and list of favorite sites with your own critiques of them,
9. Choose a magazine or newspaper of any country in the world and read about the most prominent news item in the media at that moment and share impressions with classmates about the way the same news is spread in various countries.
10. Find and choose sites that show resources for learning and teaching English and make a critique to send to the group.
The course is organized
around a discussion list where all the interaction among the virtual
community – students, TA and teacher – takes place. The discussion list is
hosted on the Yahoo!Groups site (http://groups.yahoo.com/)
at no cost, but with the proviso that advertisements come together with the message.
All the messages exchanged during the course are filed away on a page created
by the software. Figure 1 shows the appearance of the course homepage and
Figure 2 the Discussion list homepage as generated by Yahoo!Groups.
Figure 1.
Fig. 2.
Besides taking part in interactions,
students also communicate through e-mail or chat with native speakers or
English language learners in other parts of the world.
Evaluation
Students are assigned two tasks each week and
they must post them by Wednesday.
Attendance to the course is only registered if tasks have been timely posted.
As the objective is to produce meaning, feedback focuses on the content and not
on the form of the task output [2].
Students are supposed to keep a copy of each task and choose, at the end of the
semester, ten of their best tasks to be graded by the teacher (five marks
each). They are told to keep in mind that it is the process rather than the
product which will be analyzed for assessment and that there is no reason to be
afraid of making mistakes.
Another ten marks is assigned to the "Making Contact"
activity. The students are supposed to hand in some copies of the e-mail
messages exchanged with their foreign key pals or samples of their internet
chat sessions, as they can choose between e-mail and chat. The final task is a
homepage (thirty marks), where they can talk about themselves and post some of
their tasks. Besides that, students evaluate themselves (ten marks), as well as
the teacher and the course.
The theoretical
support
The theoretical basis
for our course is anchored in the assumptions of the communicative approach; of
the socio-cultural theory – which
assumes human learning to be necessarily socially constructed; and in studies
on computer assisted learning and collaborative learning.
Regarding the communicative approach, the course follows the strong version of
the approach as described by Howatt (1985):
The ‘strong’ version of communicative
teaching (...) advances the claim that language is acquired through
communication, so that it is not merely a question of activating an existing
but inert knowledge of the language, but of stimulating the development of the
language system itself. (p. 279)
For Howatt, the weak version could be described as “learn to use English” versus the strong version’s “using English to learn it.” In choosing the strong version, that is, using the language to acquire it, one must emphasize the following aspects: student-centered teaching, with the teacher as mediator; focus on the content with an emphasis on interaction; the concept of language as an instrument of communication and not as a formal system; use of authentic material; and total tolerance of errors.
Interaction through discussion groups encourages participants to work in a cooperative way and at the same time allows the students to preserve their individuality. As Littlewood says (1981),
The development of communicative skills can
only take place if learners have motivation and opportunity to express their
own identity and to relate with the people around them. It therefore requires a
learning atmosphere which gives them a sense of security and value as
individuals. (p.93)
The sociocultural theory is of paramount importance in the design of the course. First, because it sees learning as a cultural phenomenon and second, because of the notion of a zone of proximal development which Vygotsky (1978) defines as “the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through the problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers”(p. 86). Although the concept was developed to describe how children learn, it has been applied to adult learning as well (see Lantolf, 2000). I would like to add to Vygotsky’s ideas, Freire’s notion of collaboration, with dialogue as the basis for his pedagogical proposal. Although he does not ignore the role of leadership, he sees dialogue as the means by which educational actors meet to transform the world collaboratively (Freire, 1970).
Another important concept is scaffolding as developed by Wood, Bruner & Ross (1976). Scaffolding is the process that enables a child or novice to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which would otherwise be beyond his unassisted efforts (p. 90). In our course, teachers are aware of their functions as tutors getting the students interested in the tasks, giving feedback, controlling students’ frustration, making instructions clear, etc.
Finally, studies on computer assisted learning, such as Azevedo (2000), Kelm (1996) and Debski (1997) have enlightened us in the design and tutoring of the course.
The corpus
Samples of chats and
electronic messages exchanged among students, teachers and people outside the
course form a rich corpus which is stored for research. Those data have been
analyzed in different MA and PhD research. Souza (2000) used samples of chats
provided by students to describe oral discourse markers in the texts produced
synchronously in computer-mediated interactions; Sabariz (2004) identified
learning strategies employed by the students to solve their reading and writing
tasks, and Parreiras (2005) analyzed the virtual classroom as a complex system.
Articles have also been written by the TAs and an example is Silva (1999) who
reports the first experience in our lab.
In this paper, I will
present some excerpts from messages in a course which was taught together with
the TA, Ricardo Souza, in the first semester of 1999. I think this is
representative of a period when students were not as comfortable with the
technology as they are now.
The data analysis
The stimulating atmosphere is in
great part reached by total tolerance of errors and by the appreciation of
individual contributions through constant positive feedback. See one example:
>By the way I continue changing
e-mail with my penpal.
Good job Paula[3]!
I hope so does everybody else!
Cheers,
Ricardo.
We can observe that the TA does not correct
‘changing’. Instead, he compliments the student for interacting with a pen pal
as requested.
Although some students demand, at the
beginning of the course, to have all their errors corrected, little by little
even the most insistent ones end up adapting to the new model of a course built
around the exchange of ideas and spontaneous interaction. Many times the
students are encouraged by their own colleagues to adapt to the new learning
framework, as the following excerpt of one of the messages demonstrates.
I am so happy
with this course. I think we'll have a great time.
I hope we
always keep in touch with everybody.
Don't worry with
the mistakes. When we are doing something wrong, it's good because we can learn
with the mistakes. And I am sure that we'll never forget what we did wrong
again.
I hope we enjoy
this course.
Bye,
Eduarda
Similar experiences,
which prioritize communication and have a high degree of tolerance for
linguistic deviations, are being carried out in various places around the
world. Kelm (1996), in describing an experiment in computer-mediated
communication among learners of Portuguese as a foreign language, emphasizes
the importance of focus on meaning and not on form. He says that “[t]he
conversations that students have during CMCs [4]
become the source of the language environment. CMCs create a natural language
environment in that the conversations focus almost entirely on content” (p.21).
He adds, that “[t]he fact that the student has gained enough confidence to
express these thoughts to other peers in Portuguese is far more important, as
related to the language acquisition, than the mere accuracy to the grammar
“(p.24).
Following Vygotskyian
presupposition that views learning as a profoundly social process, virtual
interaction breaks down the walls of the classroom and allows new agents to
play a part in the educational environment, benefiting each member, including
the teacher, with an experience that is both collective and individual. As
Debski (1997) reminds us, “using language no longer means pure transfer of
information from person A to person B, but involves a social relationship
between people” (p. 44). In this type of interaction, students increase their
linguistic repertoire while they reflect upon their roles as future teachers.
Teachers and students become partners in the exchange of information about the
use of the Internet in teaching/learning English, as in the example below:
> At CNN, I
had a great idea. I'll get some copies of the >news and I'll give
to my students at CENEX. They will
> practice
reading and they'll learn lots of new
words.
Hi Elaine,
I'm so glad
you're enjoying the course! Your idea is great. I also use a lot of stuff I
find on the net as classroom material, and usually my students enjoy them a
lot. Thanks for sharing this idea. I'm sure other people will like it too.
You're perfectly right in what you said about the mistakes, I mean, you
shouldn't worry about them. Later on we'll give you chances to revise them, and
we'll also suggest sites where you can work directly on language improvement.
Cheers,
The actions of each of the actors in this process
contribute to the construction of a learning environment that is both flexible
and democratic, enabling the teacher to generate opportunities to solve real
problems that arise in real situations. In this new universe of virtual
communities of collaborative learning, teachers and students exchange
experiences and scaffolding. The students are expected to have a certain degree
of autonomy and the ability to manage their time to dedicate to the course and
to share information and interact with the group. On the part of the teachers,
besides the course content, they should have a capacity to lead a discussion
without monopolizing it, and a working knowledge of the technology involved.
This kind of course generates a lot of messages during the whole week and in
order to assist the students the teacher and the TA share the responsibility to
read and give feedback whenever needed.
Administration and
management of this course are highly demanding, not just to fulfil the
students’ needs, but also to take care of outsiders’ interest in the course. At
first, there are always some students who are not used to interacting with
classmates. They still believe that the teacher is the only source of knowledge
and the only one able to help them. That kind of student tries to establish a
personal dialogue with the teacher, parallel to that going on within the group,
but they are always urged to share their ideas and doubts with the whole group.
We always insist that one student’s doubt might be the same as other students’
doubts and that we also collaborate when we share our problems.
Other students with
weaker computer skills need more help. More experienced students usually offer
to meet those classmates in the lab in order to help them. The teachers also
have appointment periods in their offices to offer personal assistance.
However, little by little the group consolidates into a virtual learning
community where knowledge is gathered and built up collectively and many doubts
are solved in the discussion list.
The participants in this
process, including the teachers, experience a process of learning that is
simultaneously individual and collective and that occurs through their
interaction, scaffolding and negotiation of meaning both with each other and
with the curriculum content. Let us see an example of negotiation of meaning
between two students. At first,
Hi Fabio,
My name is
Maria Celia and I read one message that you wrote the word "dunno"
what does it mean?
Thanks
Silvia.
Subject:
[rwatufmg] Re: Fabio
Date: Thu,
From:
To: Silvia
<rwatufmg@egroups.com>
Dear Silvia,
First of all, WELCOME ABOARD!!!
That is to answer your question about the
expression "dunno". That's a famous reduction of ***don't know***. As you wish, it's regarded
as a nonstandard word, that is to say, a word regarded as incorrect by most
educated speakers. Here come other examples:
gotta, gonna, coulda, wanna, etc.
That's all for now. I HAFTA GO NOW.
Happiness,
Fábio
That example, besides
showing negotiation of meaning between two participants, is also proof of the
collaborative learning environment. The colleague, in addition to providing the
meaning of “dunno”, gives his classmate other examples of the similar
phenomenon. Dialogue among participants, collaboration, orientation and support
characterize an environment with countless opportunities for learning. Learning
outstrips the plans laid down by the teacher and allows each student to
establish their own priorities. Beyond the role of the teacher, students can
act as coaches for their classmates, giving feedback, scaffolding, and
inspiring curiosity in their partners. The course dynamics leads each student
to venture out on their own into virtual places which offer learning
opportunities. Any message sent to the group can trigger a learning experience.
In the next excerpt, one
of the students confesses to having learned something from another’s message
and the TA takes advantage of the opportunity to refer to the theory, applying the example to the concept
of collaborative learning.
By reading
Elias's e-mail I concluded that I just had to write something about what I've
seen and done in Module 2. So, let me say a little about it.
Is that all I
should do?
Bye, because
I'm tired of staying in front of this computer for about 2 hours.
Subject:
[rwatufmg] Re: On second thought
Date: Sat, 10 Apr 1999 21:45:18 -0300
From:
To: Raimundo
That's it
Raimundo!
You see? This is the collaborative work component we
talked about. Now after resting a bit (long hours in front of a computer can be
really tiring), don't forget
to visit DAVE'S ESL CAFE, VIRTUAL LANGUAGE CENTER and CNN from module 2.
Specifications of what exactly you should send us about them will be found in
module 2, Ok?
Congratulations
on the hard work!
Cheers,
Debski (1997) in describing the main aspects
of what we could call the strong version of the communicative approach, says
that “language learners abandon the role of diligent acquirers of knowledge,
and become responsible, reflective and creative agents, taking over some
responsibility for the outcome of the course”
(p.48), The following messages provide concrete examples of the concept Debski
outlines above. Several features of the social construction of knowledge in a
virtual learning community can be pointed out in the messages below. First, the
student Kátia asks for help (addresses of sites) from somebody and not from the
teachers, showing the lack of association of the teacher as the only source of
knowledge. Second, the participant judges the work of a classmate, Fábio, to be
really good, and suggests that he share his expertise with the rest of the
group. Kátia wants to learn how to insert images into her messages, a skill
that the teachers had not foreseen.
I was wondering
if somebody could send me the links to visit "Dave´s ESL
center","Virtual language center" and "CNN". I deleted
the messages with these adresses and I didn´t visit those sites yet.
Fábio is really
good working with INTERNET isn´t he? I Would like to learn how to attach fotos
in my answers as he did. So Fábio, what about a free lesson to those students
that are starting their experiences at virtual space?
That´s it for
now, I´ll be back after lunch and CENEX class, and will try to visit these
sites.
Cheers,
Kátia.
The TA,
At
>Hi
classmates and teachers!
>
>I was
wondering if somebody could send me the links to >visit "Dave´s ESL
center","Virtual language center" and >"CNN".
Hi Kátia,
Just go to this
site:
http://mofetsrv.mofet.macam98.ac.il/~elaine//eti/
Once there,
enter Module 2.
> So Fábio,
what about a free lesson to those students that > are starting their
experiences at virtual space?
Great idea! How
about that Fábio?
Cheers,
Upon receiving this, Fábio sends a
reply, not to Kátia, but to the TA, in which he offers to meet other students
with technical difficulties in the computer lab at the language arts college.
Dear Ricardo,
How's everything?
That's about your proposal.I think I
can cope with those students that are starting their experiences at virtual
space. I'd say it's OK for me. I think we could fix up a time for the free
lesson. Perhaps, One Monday at night (FALE's computer facilities).
With a taste for adventure and the
outdoors, we all would plunge into the web sea. Okey-dokey!
I'll talk to you later. I'm in a hurry
cause it's getting late and it's time to go to bed now. Drop me a line anytime you want.
Regards,
Within this new modality of teaching/learning,
students and teachers take on new roles. According to Azevedo (2000),
being an on-line student is much
more than learning to surf the Internet or use electronic mail. It is being
capable of seeing oneself as part of a virtual community of collaborative
learning and performing in the new role specifically reserved for such a
student in that community.
Azevedo (2000) further says that
the on-line teacher needs more than anything else to be a convert of the
new pedagogical precepts. It’s not simply a new medium in which he must learn
to act, but a new pedagogical proposal that he must help to create with his
educational practices. Assuming the role of comrade, leader, cultivator of
community spirit is something very different from what had been his main
activities in conventional education. His great talent should not be focused
exclusively on the content or didactic techniques, but also on the ability to
mobilize a community of apprentices around his own training; to incite the debate;
to maintain a climate of mutual help, and to motivate each person to become
responsible for the motivation of all.
Drawbacks
So far I have focused
only on the positive side of the experience. However, the problems must also be
shown. When the course changed to completely on-line, the number of registered
students doubled, but the drop-out rate also increased quite a lot. In the
first semester of 2000, for example, 45 students enrolled, but 12 never
appeared, and of the 33 left, only 22 reached the end of the course. There was
around a 50% drop-out rate[5].
The reason alleged is always the same – the insurmountable obstacle of having
to stay hours and hours in front of a computer. The students who use free
e-mail services like hotmailÔ have to read each message in its
own webpage, which can involve a huge amount of connection time. A slow
Internet connection makes such students frustrated and tired. The same is true
of the delay in opening pages on some of the sites the students have to visit.
Some of the participants also complained about reading texts on websites. See a
student complaint about the problem of slowness and of reading texts on the
web.
Hi there,
people,
(…) reading
lots of text on the net, in my opinion is quite tyring and boring; so, I only
read what is really necessary and interesting. On the other hand, the
activities which make me think and work give me a lot of fun (I fortunatelly
found them in Module 2). When I say I don't like reading text on the screen it
is especially true as far as waiting for the new page to load is concerned.
Even when I am at a very fast computer I don't have the nerve to wait for the
pages to load. That's why I give up sometimes.
I don't what
you to think I'm a grouch, I'm just telling the truth about what I think of the
net. However, I know I'll get used to it and enjoy surfing on the net a little
bit more. I think the activities are interesting and we do learn from them. I
also find this activity of exchanging e-mail in English very interesting.
I'm sorry if I
sounded so rude but I'm really pissed off today (sorry for the cursing). To be
quite frank, I've been enjoying the activities suggested; the only problem is
the time some pages take to be loaded and the downloading of some pictures and
programs just take forever.
See you on the
web,
Raimundo
Another problem that can
occur is that a site can be recommended and then later be temporarily
inaccessible. Students immediately run to their teachers for help, as in the
following example:
> if it's
my computer problem or the" servidor" problem or > because it's
too full of people at this time..I'm trying > to do the xercise later.
> Mércia
Mércia,
There might
have been a problem with the server. Try it again.
Cheers,
Vera
Students opinions
Despite the obstacles, student
evaluations of the project have been very positive, as illustrated by some
commentaries:
1.
I visited the site
suggested by Vera and I thought it was great. These exercises are improving my English
and helping me to improve my vocabulary more and more. I didn't think that the
tests weren't so easy but my score wasn't so bad. They really needed us to pay
attention to do them.
I'm really
enjoying this subject (English through
Internet).
2.
I guess all kind
of exercises are great, and this 9th task wasn't different. it's a little hard
work but it's great.
3.
By the way, I am
suggesting these wonderful English sites to my friends and students. Everyone
around me is in love with them.
4.
Dear Vera & Ricardo,
Thanks
for everything. The course was great. It was a
fantastic
experience. I never had made a whole course
through
Internet. You, teachers, had great ideas and
the tasks
were very important exercises for everybody.
One more
time, THANKS A LOT.
Health,
Peace, Freedom and Work.
I hope
you continue with it, it's important.
Hugs,
Afonso
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to
return to the title of this paper, tearing down walls and building up learning communities,
to discuss a new concept of “class”. In defining what a class is,
Lessons
in different places may vary in topic, time, place, atmosphere, methodology and
materials, but they all, essentially, are concerned with learning as their main
objective, involve the participation of learner(s) and teacher(s), and are
limited and pre-scheduled as regards time, place and membership (p. 213)
In the
virtual model we have adopted, time, space, and even the participants, stop
being predetermined. The walls and the barriers of time are metaphorically
broken down, as neither an hour nor a place is predefined. In some ways we have
also left open the possibility of a certain indirect participation in the
“class”. As we made no restrictions to accessing the homepage where our
messages are filed, anyone could benefit from the information exchange among
the visible participants in the process – students, TA and teacher.
Countless
invisible participants – key pals or partners in chat interactions – also
indirectly participated in the individual learning community, enabling the
social construction of knowledge. As van Lier (2000) reminds us “the learner
can learn best from negotiating with a native speaker or a more competent
interlocutor, presumably because knowledge has to come from one who knows or
can do more” (p.248).
Finally,
as an epigraph to this paper, I bring back the voice of Paulo Freire (1970) who warns us that “no one educates
anyone else, no one educates themselves, men educate each other, mediated by
the world” (p. 68). I would say that, in on-line courses, we can create an environment in
which no one educates anyone else, no one educates themselves, we educate each
other, mediated by the computer.
What we are doing in our on-line courses is
facilitating mediation among our students and the whole community made up of
diverse participants – English speakers and learners. We enable our students to
have more contact among themselves (students of day time and evening classes)
and with the world, tearing down the walls of the traditional classroom in
order to build up an environment in which everyone is mutually educated,
including the teacher.
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[1] It is worth mentioning that one
group had a participant from
[2] By focusing on the content, I do
not mean that the form is not important. The program offers the students
different kinds of courses and they have the opportunity to study the form as
well.
[3] The real names were substituted by
pseudonyms.
[4] computer mediated communications
[5] Of course, it should be mentioned
that some of the students re-registered the following semester. It is a rare
case that someone gives up on the course due to inadaptability to the new
style.